Is it a Risk? Is it a Hazard? What's the Difference?

As I talk to people about FSMA and other food safety regulations, I am constantly asked the difference  between a risks and hazards.

As FSMA comes into effect there is going to be a lot more emphasis on systems that put in prevention programs..."

Under the proposal, each owner, operator or agent in charge of a facility (those required to register with FDA under Section 415 of the FD&C Act), with certain exceptions, would be required to comply with the hazard analysis and risk-based preventive controls. The preventive controls are science- and risk-based in that the rule would require controls only where necessary to prevent hazards to public health and exempt certain facilities from requirements or modify requirements for certain low-risk activities. Second, they are flexible in that firms could develop preventive controls that fit their products and operations, as long as they are adequate to significantly minimize or prevent all food safety hazards that are reasonably likely to occur."

Risks are the big picture.  From 3000 feet in the air, places like FSIS look at the public health impacts of various risks.  The FDA has also identified a lot of different risks in the food chain.

• Food from unsafe sources
• Inadequate cooking
• Improper holding time and temperature
• Poor personal hygiene

The FDA has identified 5 interventions, outlined in the Food Code, that inspectors look at during assessments of plants to ascertain the level of management control over those risks.

• Demonstration of Knowledge
• Implementation of Employee Health Policies
• Hands as a Vehicle of Contamination
• Time/Temperature Relationships
• Consumer Advisory

Essentially if a plant can show that the food safety systems use the interventions to mitigate risk, the FDA deems the food fit to eat. Many scientists over many years and with a lot of money investigated just where in plants food risks come from and came up with that list.


So using the FDA Food Code risks, we can identify some hazards.  For example

Risk: Food from unsafe sources (for example, leafy greens that are picked in unsanitary conditions) 
Hazard: E. coli
Intervention: Approved supplier program can make this not reasonably likely to occur (remember, critical control points control hazards, pre-req programs make hazards NRLTO).  This would be a knowledge based intervention

Risk: Inadequate cooking (let's take eggs) 

Hazard: Salmonella 
Intervention: Cooking shell eggs to 145F for 15 seconds, or to 160 if they are with other foods.  This is an example of a critical control point. There's going to be nothing else after the cooking step that would kill salmonella.  This would be a time/temperature intervention.  A consumer advisory intervention would be telling consumers that eating undercooked eggs can make them sick.

Risk: Improper holding time and temperature (for example, cooked veggies in a sauce in a buffet)
Hazard: Staph aureus intoxication
Intervention:  This one actually needs several.  First, a time/temperature intervention of keeping hot foods hot and out of the staph danger zone, this would be a critical control.  Second, employee health policies need to emphasize not handling food with open cuts, need a pre-req program that complies with GMPs here.  And third, understanding how hands are a vehicle for contamination and emphasizing hand washing, again a pre-req program on personal hygiene.

As FSMA comes into affect, FDA regulated entities are going to have to catch up to USDA regulated entities.  Written food safety plans that take scientifically developed risks and delineate the hazards that come out of those risks will be required.  DQM is set to help small growers and processors cope with the coming onslaught.  Call today for your free phone consultation and ask for Dr. P.  90-907-7798

Food Safety from Producer to Plate: Part 1- E. coli in Beef

We talk a lot around here about what processors can do to improve food safety.  That's where most of the inspection is and that's where it is possible to put in the controls to eliminate food borne illness (FBI).

However, one of the main reasons why the processors need to put in these controls is because their supply comes in contaminated.  Animals and plants grown on a farm harbor pathogens.  Nothing we can do about it.  Biological systems are complex and we are never going to eliminate pathogens from our food completely.  Nor do I think should it be a goal to eliminate them, because these microbes exist for a reason.  They work in the soil and they work on an animals gut to aid digestion.  We find trouble when microbes are in the wrong place, occur in much too high a concentration, or occur at the wrong time.

As our local food movement moves forward, producers needs to know about the various pathogens of FBI that occur in their livestock and what they can do about them on the farm.  A lot of times this stuff is obvious, but, putting in FBI controls at the farm can save a lot of headache down the road.

So with that said, today's post is the first in DQMs "Producers to Plate" series!  And we are going to start to tackle E.coli from the viewpoint of what a livestock rancher can do to control it.

First, what is  E. coli?  E. coli is a group of bacteria that live in the large intestine of warm blooded animals.  E. coli, like other bacteria, isn't a problem unless it is too high in number, or in the wrong place. E. coli can use the flagellum to migrate out of the gut of an animal and "walk" itself to an aberrant site like the urinary tract causing a UTI.  E. coli contamination of an udder can cause mastitis by the same mechanism.  The bacteria gets where it shouldn't be, has a lot of nutrients and no bacteria to compete against, and POW, infection.

In the food supply, we worry about E. coli because it can cause very serious FBI, like hemolytic uremic syndrome.  Though cases of E. coli are going down the CDC estimates that there are 26 cases not reported.  So we have a lot of people not being diagnosed.  Which means there's no traceback to where the illness might have come from.

However, livestock ranchers can help protect their product by taking some steps to decrease E. coli in their herds.  Also, implementing these can help to protect a rancher's family from E. coli, as it is also a zoonotic disease.

Vaccinate the herd against E. coli
Feed probiotics with Lactobacillus (like Bovamine)
Test for supershedders and cull them (and not into the food supply)
Make sure the cattle are clean before slaughter.  Work with your processor and find out what his/her plan is for killing clean animals.  Preventing hide contamination of meat can not be over estimated.  This should be one of the pre-req programs (or part of a pre-req program) the processor has.

This

Not this

As the CDC has indicated, E. coli contamination is a battle we are actually making headway against.  The local food movement has a great opportunity here to make sure that our consumers have access to meat that's as free of E. coli as possible.  It will drive confidence and sales.

Charcuterie For the Small Processor

DQM spent the weekend at the New England Meat Conference.  It was a fantastic gathering of entrepreneurs, producers, processors, chefs, meat cutters and just about anyone else working to create the New England market for local meats.

And if there was one over riding interest after "isn't this cool?  All the people I know and like are in one place!!" it was charcuterie.

From a food safety perspective, charcuterie is challenging.  But hey!  Let's break it down!  Food safety challenges are what we do here at DQM!  The following is by no means an exhaustive list, but, it is a good start.

First- figure out what you want to make.  And don't just say sausage.  Do you want to make Spanish sausage?  Mexican?  Polish? The more specific you define your product the easier it is going to be.  You need a recipe.  Even if it is your grandmother's that you used to make in the basement, you need to know what and how much is going into the product

Second- Understand what process steps are.  When you write a HACCP plan, you need to have a process flow diagram.  And your commercial charcuterie production needs to have one full of excruciating detail.  You are going to get inspected on how well you adhere to this flow, and if you don't, there can be huge consequences.  Make sure your process flow diagram starts with Receiving Meat.

Third- Once you understand what you are making and how, then start thinking about the whole food safety plan including pre-req programs, the HACCP plan itself, training, and what avenue of inspections are available.

Putting a delicious and safe charcuterie product in the marketplace is absolutely possible.  However, it takes attention to detail, and frankly, is tough to do without some help.  When you are ready to take that step, give DQM a call, and we will be right there with you to put your wonderful product into the marketplace!

Pre Req Programs

HACCP plans can not exist without the proper pre requisite programs (PP).  PP are the basis of a comprehensive food safety program.  PP's do two things in food production:

1. They make hazards "Not Reasonably Likely to Occur" (NRLTO)
2. They control just about everything else in a plant that isn't hazard.

So, what's a hazard?  A physical, chemical, or microbiological adulterant of food.  Think metal shards, allergens, and E. coli.

PP don't control those hazards.  Critical Control Points (CCPs) do.

But what do PP do?  They use Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) to bring control into the plant and impose the order necessary to reduce the likelihood of physical, chemical and microbiological contamination of food.

So what are some PP?

• Chemical hygiene plans
• Pest Control plans
• Receiving SOPs
• Approved supplier programs
• Personnel hygiene programs

The truth is that most of the food borne illness outbreaks occur because of improperly implemented and executed PP.  CCPS do.  CCPs are generally observed and controlled, that's the point.  They work. But, it takes a whole culture of food safety for everyone to make sure that PP are also observed and practiced.  Fail at them, and all the CCPs won't help.

Need help evaluating your Prerequisite Programs? Email Dr. P